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"In every sphere of our society - economic, social, political, moral,
cultural, environmental - South Africa is confronted by serious problems."
These were the words of the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP)
in 1994. In 1999, we entered the second period of democratic governance
with very fragmented knowledge about the extent to which its goals have
been met.
While the need to address infrastructure delivery has, to a large extent,
been undisputed since 1994, the strategies, effects and success of delivery
are far more controversial when we take stock in 1999. Many questions
remain as to if, and how, people are better off now in terms of their
access to services. While hopes were high in 1994, few expected all the
challenges to be resolved by 1999. Yet, in order to improve delivery -
and thereby growth and redistribution - more and better information is
needed about the degree and distribution of delivery as well as barriers
to delivery.
This report describes delivery in key sectors of infrastructure. We
map delivery and examine the barriers to delivery on the basis of a in-depth
interviews with government officials, a survey in three provinces as well
as updated information about funds and policy-changes.
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
Liv Tørres, Fafo
1.1 South Africa’s Starting Point
1.2 Daylight follows a dark night? Half the national budget spent on social
services!
1.3 Issues to be addressed and lay out of the report
Chapter 2 Dilemmas to be faced in delivery of infrastructure
Tone Fløtten, Fafo
2.1 Welfare state models – a brief description
2.2 The goals of services provision
2.3 Equal distribution
2.4 Dilemmas in distribution policy
2.5 Concluding remarks
Chapter 3 Employment and Public Works
Sabata Nakanyane, Fafo
3.1 Labour Market Indicators
3.2 Labour markets in Gauteng, KwaZulu Natal and Northern Province
3.3 Public Works Programmes: background and regulation
3.4 The National Public Works Programmes
3.5 Phase One: the Pilot Phase
3.6 Government Delivery
3.7 Evaluation of the first phase of CBPWP
3.8 Phase two: the realignment of CBPWPs
3.9 Programme Delivery in the realignment phase
3.10 Further Challenges
3.11 Tentative conclusions and recommendations
Chapter 4 Welfare: a question of cash or development?
Liv Tørres, Fafo
4.1 Welfare framework: legislation and regulation
4.2 Government delivery
4.3 Social Welfare services
4.4 Social Development
4.5 Welfare recipients
4.6 Discussion and tentative conclusions
Chapter 5 Housing: a question of quality?
Malehoko Tshoaedi, Fafo
5.1 Housing policies, regulation and funding
5.2 Government delivery
5.3 Provincial delivery and receipt
5.4 Perceptions of delivery
5.5 Summary, tentative conclusion and recommendations
Chapter 6 Schools: a question of teachers?
CASE
6.1 Current realities, regulation and budget
6.2 Access to educational facilities
6.3 Most pressing educational needs
6.4 Assessing change in education provision 11
6.5 New developments since 1994
6.6 Expectations
6.7 Process of delivery
6.8 Summary, tentative conclusions and recommendations
Chapter 7 Health: a question of hospitals and clinics?
CASE
7.1 Policies and regulation
7.2 Urgent health problems in the community
7.3 Improvements in health services?
7.4 Effective health infrastructure delivery?
7.5 Community Participation or speed?
7.6 Summary and tentative recommendations
Chapter 8 Health: a question of water and sanitation?
CASE
8.1 Regulation, organisation and projects
8.2 Mvula Trust
8.3 Needs and delivery
8.4 Sanitation
8.5 Refuse
8.6 Tentative Conclusions
Chapter 9 Economic infrastructure: a question of telephones and roads?
175
CASE
9.1 Transport
9.2 Government delivery
9.3 Access to Transport
9.4 Roads
9.5 Electricity
9.6 Delivery
9.7 Electrification of households
9.8 Telecommunications
9.9 Perceptions on delivery
9.10 Tentative conclusions on economic infrastructure
Chapter 10 We are emerging slowly, but painfully!
Liv Tørres, Fafo
10.1 Summary: Reconstruction, development and participation?
10.2 Are we emerging?
Appendix 1 Methodology
Appendix 2 List of Abbreviations
Appendix 3 Bibliography
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