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This publication consists of two articles. The first is a reprint of the Norwegian
chapter in Anthony Ferner & Richard Hyman’s Changing Industrial Relations in
Europe (Blackwell Publishers 1998). In that article, the basic features of the
«Norwegian model» are explained, and its evolution is traced from the early
origin up till 1996. The second article is an updated version of a contribution
to the ETUI publication Collective Bargaining in Western Europe 1997–1998 (European
Trade Union Institute 1998). Focusing on the bargaining rounds in 1997 and 1998
and the prospects for 1999, it also reviews the level and structure of industrial
conflict in Norway. Together, these articles should provide a thorough and up
to date picture of industrial relations developments in Norway.
Contents
Preface 5
Part 1
Norway: The Revival of Centralized Concertation 7
Jon Erik Dølvik and Torgeir Aarvaag Stokke
Introduction 8
Historical Background and Economic-Political Overview 9
The Norwegian System of Industrial Relations 12
Employer Organizations 12
Trade Unions 14
Regulatory Framework of Collective Bargaining 16
The Institutional Embeddedness of Collective Bargaining 17
Collective Bargaining in Transition – Recent Developements 20
From Crisis to Solidarity Pact – The Revival of Concertation 21
The 'Solidarity Alternative' 22
The 1996 Pay Round – The Crumbling of Solidaristic Concertation? 24
The EU and European Labour Regulations 25
A Changing Industrial Relations Agenda 26
Conclusion – Continuity and Change in
Norwegian Industrial Relations 27
Abbreviations 32
Notes 32
References and Further Reading 32
Part 2
Collective bargaining in Norway 1997–98 37
Kristine Nergaard and Torgeir Aarvaag Stokke
1 General background information 39
1.1 The Solidarity Alternative 39
1.2 Change of government autumn 1997 39
1.3 Steady improvements in Norwegian economy 40
1.4 Union demands, employers’ attitudes and the role of the government
41
2 Collective bargaining in 1997 43
2.1 The 1997 wage negotiations 43
2.2 New basic agreements 44
2.3 Split in AF and establishment of a new employee confederation 46
2.4 Committee proposal on a further education and training reform 47
3 Wages and purchasing power 1997 48
3.1 Development in wages 48
3.2 Cost of living 50
4 Other issues 51
4.1 Working time developments 51
4.2 Europeanisation of collective bargaining 51
4.3 Level of wage determination 52
4.4 The debate on flexibility 53
4.5 Gender issues 54
5 Industrial disputes in the 1990s 55
5.1 Legal background 55
5.2 The level of industrial disputes 55
5.3 New strategies 58
5.4 European impact of national strikes 59
5.5 The current debate 59
6 The bargaining rounds in 1998 61
6.1 Background 61
6.2 Confederation level negotiations 62
6.3 The branch level negotiations 63
6.4 Public sector wage bargaining in 1998 65
6.5 Economic prospects autumn 1998 66
6.6 Final comments 67
Acknowledgements 69
References 69
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